Lady Gaga Telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lady Gaga Telephone - Essay Example The song, without the video, sounds like a simple scenario where the girl isn’t picking up a phone call while she is at the club, but the music video shows a hidden, deeper meaning. In 2011, the song was nominated for the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the Grammy’s. It became one of the best-selling singles of Gaga in 2010 after 7.4 million copies were sold. It was also nominated as the Video of the Year at the 2010 MTV Music Video Awards. Thus, the song has a deeper, hidden meaning which is not understandable by the masses because it is meant to be ‘hidden’. The telephone is actually used as a metaphor to describe Gaga’s brain, and she is not answering the phone means she is disconnected from the reality. Lady Gaga is an American singer, record producer, songwriter along with being a fashion designer and businesswoman. She had initially started working as a songwriter when hired by Vincent Herbert for the label Interscope Records. Her vocal abilities were soon recognized by Akon, a recording artist, who signed her for his own label. Her debut album was The Fame after which she rose to prominence in 2008. The album was a commercial and critical success with some of the best international numbers such as Poker Face and Just Dance. Then she released The Fame Monster in 2009 which was an extended play that produced some of the biggest hits including Telephone and Bad Romance. Gaga has widely recognized for her songs and more importantly her music videos. Her videos always have a deep meaning which is not noticeable from the lyrics of the song. She always adds a deeper meaning to the lyrics through her videos and her videos provide great insight into the reality and cruelty of the world. In the video of Telephone also she has succeeded in providing a deep meaning which can’t be understood by the masses because they are meant to be understood by the elites only (Marshall 148).

Greek tragedies Essay Example for Free

Greek tragedies Essay Explore how Arthur Miller develops the character of Eddie Carbone in three key episodes in A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller worked on the Brooklyn docks amongst many longshoremen and dockers such as Eddie Carbone. Working on the docks was a significant time in Arthur Millers life because thats where he met Italian American immigrants which inspired him to write A View from the Bridge. Arthur Miller creates Eddie Carbones character like a Modern Greek Tragic hero because when the play starts the audience respects and admires his character. He is loving to his wife and protective of his niece. But as the play continues you start to see the real Eddie Carbone unfold. The audiences first impression of Eddie Carbone is a very honourable person who has pride in his niece. He is quite concerned about her sexuality, for example he says to her your walkin wavy and heads are turning like windmills. He is concerned because he wants to protect Catherine and feels that she is sexually vulnerable. Eddie also demonstrates concern for his wife. He says that she has too big a heart. The audience would be quite impressed with his sense of responsibility. Moreover Eddie seems very keen to help the fellow Italians on their arrival. He insists that they behave very discreetly for example when he is describing to Catherine and Beatrice the dangers of holding illegal immigrants he says You dont know nothing! They got stool pigeons all over this neighbourhood. By saying this, the audience would probably think he is very loyal. However, Eddie can be seen to reveal a frailty in his character very early on. He clearly shows some paranoia and over-protectiveness for his niece. You can tell this when he complains to her why didnt you ask me before you got a job. Eddie is asking for too much control over Catherine. Like a tragic hero, he is honourable but there is something unsettling about his character. Also his reaction after Catherine lights his cigar could interpret this over-protectiveness he shows for her could in fact be a disturbing feature in his character. We can see character and weaknesses unfolding at the end of Act One. Eddie Carbones character at the end of Act One becomes more open about his hatred for Rodolpho. He demonstrates his lack of control over his emotions, also starts to act sarcastically and mockingly for example, he says I know lemons are green for Christs sake. Arguing with Rodolpho and resenting his comments shows his desire to provoke conflict. He also mocks Rodolpho about his femininity. He announces to everyone if I could sing, I wouldnt be on the water front, I would be in a dress store. He is trying to make Catherine think twice about Rodolphos sexuality. In doing so, he is also asserting his own masculinity in an attempt to warn off others and impress Catherine. In this scene Eddie is beginning to feel quite powerless in his own house since Marco and Rodolphos arrival. He has lost control over Catherine, which considering his obsessive protectiveness he cannot bear. The last scene of Act One Miller also establishes a very dramatic atmosphere. Because of Eddies increasingly frenzied personality it makes the other characters wary of him, for example he keeps on repeating himself which could be a sign of madness his psychological breakdown. It unsettles and alarms the other characters. We have a constant sense that he is volatile and unpredictable. Furthermore, when Marco raises the chair like a weapon above his head Miller symbolises Eddies loss of power and control. It is clear that another man has entered his house and beaten him at his own game. At the start of Act Two you can clearly see how Miller has chosen to develop Eddies flaws. He portrays Eddies hatred for Rodolpho as he says to Catherine that she cannot leave the apartment with that indicating Rodolpho. Referring to Rodolpho as that implies that he thinks he is superior to Rodolpho just because hes an illegal Immigrant. Furthermore, the use of the word that suggests he is only a detestable object. Eddie also says watch your step submarine. By rights they oughta throw you back in the water. This is a direct threat towards Rodolpho that he might inform the Immigration Bureau of his illegal entry into the country. It is also an assertion of his power over Rodolpho. Eddies attempts to humiliate Rodolpho fail thoroughly when he kisses him. Eddie pins his arms laughing and suddenly kisses him. Eddie thinks by emasculating Rodolpho, Catherine can see what Eddie is seeing, but all shes can see is that Eddie has lost control of himself under the influence of alcohol and pitiful repressed feelings. His actions in this scene suggest he is far from the respectable individual he was at the start. Moreover, he becomes quite pathetic in the eyes of the audience. However we interpretate the kiss, whether he is demonstrating repressed homosexuality, insecure masculinity or just immaturity and drunkenness, the audience think less of him. Moreover, the other characters must be really shocked by Eddies ghastly behaviour. He sits, still panting for breath, and they watch him helplessly. This suggests that they are confused and worried by his outburst. At this moment in time the sympathy from the audience for Eddie would have been washed away since the start of the play. Now the audience would be more sympathetic for Catherine because it looks as if shes being imprisoned and controlled. You can tell this when she says to Rodolpho suppose I wanted to live in Italy. She is trying to get as far as possible from Eddie. The stage direction as she strives to free herself is symbol of her of her imprisonment. The start of Act One is also the first time the audience realise that Eddies obsession for Catherine is actually sexual. You can tell this when Eddie comes home drunk he sees Catherine come out of the bedroom adjusting her skirt and then Rodolpho walks out behind her. As soon as Eddie realises what they were doing he slightly jerks his arms, it shows what he now understands is unbearable to him. In conclusion, Arthur Miller could have developed Eddies character for a didactic purpose. Most Greek tragedies have a didactic purpose to show the audience to never reveal our deepest desires and to maintain our composure. You can tell that Eddie could be a didactic figure because in Alfieris last speech he states most of the time now we settle for half. He could be saying that Eddie was asking for too much from Catherine, but Alfieri could mean that we shouldnt ask for too much when we cant be satisfied so we should just settle for half. However, in Greek tragedies the tragic hero commits an offence and is supposed to learn from his mistake but still suffers from it, therefore moral order is restored. In the last scene this was very strongly portrayed, as it was his own knife, in his own hands that was plunged into his chest. This shows that all the things he done wrong was of his own doing.

Personal Reflection On Practicing A Clinical Skill

Personal Reflection On Practicing A Clinical Skill This essay will discuss a clinical skill in which I have become competent in practicing. I will use a reflective model to discuss how I have achieved the necessary level of competence in my nurse training programme. The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Gibbs model of reflection incorporates the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The model will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought, relating theory to practice where the model allows. Discussion will include the knowledge underpinning practice and the evidence base for the clinical skill. A conclusion to the essay will then be given which will discuss my reflection skills, acknowledge my competence and show my personal and professional development. The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect on within this essay is the administration of Intramuscular (IM) injections. I have chosen this as within my first clinical placement this was a widely used method of drug administration and I became involved in the process of IM injections. I therefore researched the topic of IM injections and my knowledge within this area developed. The first stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of events. I was asked to administer a drug to a patient via IM injection. I had observed this clinical skill on a variety of occasions and had previously administered an IM injection under supervision. On this occasion I was being observed by two qualified nurses, one of which was my mentor. The drug had been drawn up and was ready to be administered and the patient consented to have a student administer the injection. My mentor was talking me through the procedure step by step and informed me that I should use an alcohol wipe to cleanse the injection site, when the other nurse interrupted and said that this was not necessary. This was in front of the patient, who then requested that the alcohol wipe was omitted as on previous occasions this had caused a stinging sensation. My mentor said that this was acceptable and I continued to administer the injection, omitting the use of the alcohol wipe. On the previou s occasions when I had administered IM injections I had not cleansed the site and had never been instructed to adopt this practice. I am now going to enter into the second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, which is a discussion about my thoughts and feelings. I was aware of being under the supervision of two qualified nurses and this made me feel very nervous and self conscious. Once my mentor questioned my practice, concerning skin cleansing, I became even more aware of feeling nervous and under pressure. The patient was present and I did not want the patient to feel that I did not know what I was doing. I thought that as I had been observed carrying out this clinical procedure on many other occasions then my practice must have been seen to be correct. I was now feeling very confused about the use of alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injection. I was also concerned that the practice of the qualified nurses was so inconsistent, which led me to evaluate the whole process. Evaluation is the third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to with state what was good and bad about the event. I was aware that research by Workman (1999) suggests that the use of skin cleansing wipes is inconsistent and not necessary in IM injections if the patient appears to be physically clean and an aseptic technique is adopted, along with stringent hand washing by the nurse. It has also been noted that the use of cleansing with an alcohol wipe can cause skin hardening (Mallet Dougherty 2000). The trust policy was to follow guidelines published by the Royal Marsden Hospital (Mallet Dougherty 2000). The Royal Marsden (Mallet Dougherty 2000) advocate the use of skin cleansing wipes, however it is stated within their guidelines that they adopt this because their patients are often immunocompromised, and give evidence of previous studies which indicate that skin cleansing is not normally necessary. Therefore my practice was within the trust proto col. This experience made me think about my attitude towards literature and how it is applied in practice. Burnard (2002) suggests that a learner is a passive recipient of received knowledge, and that learning through activity engages all of our senses. The site used in the IM injection was the gluteus maximus, this the most commonly used site for the administration of IM injections (Greenway 2004, Workman 1999). The gluteus maximus area is both thick and fleshy with a good blood supply (Watson 2000). It is located in the hip area and forms the buttock (Watson 2000). It has been noted by Watson (2000) that the gluteus maximus is near the sciatic nerve and Greenway (2004) suggests that this presents a risk of threat of injury in the administration of IM injections. When I administered the IM injection to the patient, I injected into the gluteus maximus muscle, as the evidence stipulates this is best practice. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) is an analysis of the event, where Gibbs encourages the reflector to make sense of the situation. I will do this by exploring the skill and looking at the evidence underpinning it. An IM injection is the administration of medication into the muscle; there are many reasons why drugs are given via the IM route (Workman 1999). These include a rapid absorption rate, the conscious state of the patient, and the drug effect being altered by ingestion (Mallet Dougherty 2000, Workman 1999). Workman (1999) suggests there are four considerations in giving an injection, the site of injection, the technique, the equipment and the route. On my clinical placement, an orthopaedic outpatient centre, IM injections were administered on an almost daily basis. However Hemsworth (2000) comments that IM injections are rarely used in certain specialities and suggests that, in this case, nurses current practice in IM injections may not be up to date with recent research findings. Through evaluation of the event in question I have become more aware of different practices concerning the use of alcohol wipes in skin cleansing. I am aware that both practices have been researched, but as I develop professionally I am developing my own skills and will not cleanse the skin in future unless the trust policy dictates so or the patient requests me to do so. There is no clear evidence in this area but I will use the literature which is available to justify my actions, and therefore give evidence based care. The reason my mentor suggested using the alcohol wipe could be that she has been qualified for a long time, and practices have changed. In this scenario I have learnt from experience and through experience (Burnard 2002). Following this incident in practice I will now be more prepared to challenge the views of others in relation to my clinical practice. In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I am aware that all nurses do not use evidence in the same way and may use different methods but as long as my practice is safe and evidence based then I can practice safely. My future practice will depend on the area in which I am working and I aim to find out the trust protocol concerning clinical procedures before I commence any procedure Within my action plan my aim is to research further into the theory of using alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injections. I am also planning to have a discussion with the qualified nurses on the subject of skin cleansing. In conclusion my reflection skills have developed through the production of this essay. Using a model of reflection has helped me to structure my thoughts and feelings appropriately. My level of awareness concerning evidence based practice, and its importance, has been enhanced with the use of critical reflection. My competence, within this clinical skill, has been further developed and I now feel that my personal and professional development is progressing. Using this reflective model has helped me to realise that my learning is something which I must be proactive in. Furthermore as a student nurse I have recognised that reflection is an important learning tool in practice.

Lab Essays -- essays research papers

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES INTRODUCTION According to the Websters’ dictionary, a sexually transmitted disease, or commonly termed STD, can be defined as any of various diseases transmitted by direct sexual contacted that include classic venereal diseases (as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid) and other diseases (as hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, giordiasis, and AIDS) that are often or sometimes contracted by other sexual means (Internet 3). This lab report will be dealing with three specific types of STDs each from a different origin. Information will be given on each STD with reference to their common/scientific names, life cycle, transmission, and other key factors that influence and maintain the existence of the STD. This report deals with what may be everyday termed diseases however, these STDs affect one in four adolescents before the age of eighteen. Though these STDs are so common and spoken of so often, without early diagnosis and treatment they pose a serious and may be, even a fatal treat to someone who is inf ected and also their sexual partners or just innocent people who have come into contact with an infected person. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) The viral disease that will be discussed is the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This STD as stated before is a viral disease, of which a virus can be defined as any of various submicroscopic parasites of plants, animals and bacteria that often cause disease and that essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without a host cell, viruses are typically not considered living organisms. HSV-1 is usually associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face. It is especially common in children between the ages of one and three years old and may cause lesions inside the mouth and inflamed gums. It causes cold sores or fever blisters and is transmitted by something as simple as oral or respiratory secretions (for example, sneezing or coughing can transmit the virus). Most people have in one point of their life been affected with the type 1 virus by the age of 20. In addition to oral and genital lesions, the virus can also cause an infection of the eye involving the eyelid, conjunctiva, and cornea. A finger infection called herpectic whitlow affects health care providers because of exposure to lung and mouth secretions during procedures and young childr... ...course if condoms were not used. Treatment comes in the form of arious antifungal vaginal fungal creams (like clotrimazole and miconazole) which are available over the counter for use in the vagina. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We think of these diseases and most of us are in the habit of saying that it will not affect us. This lab report has brought your attention to the fact that not all STDs are contracted through sexual intercourse but rather through the air we breathe if we are in proximity to an infected person. Though the only almost full proof method of not contacting any STD would be abstinence, the use of a condom correctly during sexual intercourse is just as effective. Another effective method is to have one sexual partner and know their history before they were with you. SOURCES/REFERENCES 1. Bowen, Sylvia Cerel; Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Society. Stanford Univ.Pr., 1989. 2. Mader, Sylvia S., Human Biology. McGraw Hill Publishing, 1998 3. The Miami Herald, November 14th, 1999 4. Internet 1, March 7, 2000. www.avsc.org/disease/dchl/html 5. Internet 2, March 7, 2000. www.yahoo.com/health/diseases 6. Internet 3, March 7, 2000. www.webster.com

Men Are More Likely to Commit Crime Than Women

Criminal commitment is one of serious problem in society. There is a question that crime is committed by more men or women. Some people think that women are considered as higher rate in criminals than men. In contrast, others, including me, are in favor of contrary opinion. The first reason is that men are usually quick-tempered. When, problems happen, instead of discuss gently to find out measures, men frequently talk loudly and beat others. For example, if an accident occurs, men are often furious. They also use rough word to talk. Thus, they possibly hit each other easily.Male self-esteem is quite high, too. Men, due to a little lack of respect from other people, will be angry easily. Additionally, men always want to be respected and admired by other people. They are proud of themselves and want that others also appreciate them. They find many ways to prove themselves. They do special or strange things to attract attention. They let others know that they have ability, power and st rength. Many hackers just hack website because of simple reasons, such as demand in showing competence Finally, men are the backbones of families. They have to shoulder great responsibility.One of them is finance. Men are more likely need to find jobs which can help their families pay living expenses. However it is not easy. Consequently, they may earn money by illegal ways, such as: fraud, robbery, smuggling†¦ In some case, men commit crimes accidently. When their family is damaged by others, they are forced to fight in order to protect their family. There are quitter a lot of case that as a consequence of self-defense, men commit manslaughter. Concluded, men are easier becomes criminals than women because of their personality and responsibility.

Vincent essays

Vincent essays V When I first of this assignment I had a tuff time, trying to find out who or what I was going top write on. I consider myself some what of an artist. But I don't draw skecthes or paint masterpeices. Im a writer, Im like most other artsist that paint. instead of seeing and images from my head and paint them on my canvis. I take my emotions, put them in words and in my own type of canvis creating my version of a materpeice. I wanted to pick an artist that was like me in a way, one that I could mostly relate to. When I was in seventh grade, I took french 1. We covered a lot of there culturethe majority of it was. We came across a mans life that to me will always be a legacy.His name was Vincent vanGogh. Vincent van Gogh was seen as a failure in his lifetime which lead to various mental disorders and ultimately suicide, but today he is viewed as the foremost representative of postimpressionist art. Unable to conform to normal life, Vincent turned to art to passionately express hi s feelings. His style of choppy brush strokes of amazing colors was looked down upon by other artist of his time but with support from his brother, Theo, Vincent lived his dream of becoming an artist. Although he enjoyed painting, the intense feeling of failure and rejection by women, took a toll on Vincent. He went through long bouts of depression, which led to his suicide. Today, Van Gogh is seen as one of the most achieved and inspirational artists of all time. Vincent van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853 in North Brafant, Holland. He was the son of Theodorus van Gogh, an evangelical Calvinist, and Anna Cornelia Carbentus. He was the second son named Vincent, the first died an infant. This always made Vincent feel like a replacement son for his parents, like there was a sence of guilt with him. As a child Vincent was shy, and preferred to be alone. He liked the outdoors and admired its beauty, which he portrayed is his paintings later in l...

Tom Hanks Bio. A- essays

Tom Hanks Bio. A- essays Tom Hanks turned the heads of thousands in 1980 with his debut in the highly acclaimed sitcom Bosom Buddies. After Starring in the 1988 movie Big, he won three awards, including a Golden Globe Award for best actor in 1989. His next major hit wouldnt come for another six years, when he played the title role in the movie Forrest Gump. Since 1998, Hanks has starred in Five movies, Saving Private Ryan, Youve Got Mail, Toy Story Two, The Green Mile, and Castaway, of which have ranked highly in the box office. Hanks has won award after award, racking up a total of 15 major awards, four of which have been Golden Globes and two Oscars. Thomas Hanks was born July 9, 1956 in Concord, California. Hanks was the third of four children born to Amos Hanks, a chef, and Janet Hanks, a registered nurse. His relationship with his older siblings, Larry and Sandra, is really tight, but he is not as close to his younger brother, Jim. Tom had a very confusing life growing up. His parents divorced when he was five years old, and he, Larry, and Sandra went to live with their father, but Jim stayed to live with their mother. Both parents remarried more than once, Janet three time and Amos twice. Hanks moved around a lot as a child, attending at least five different grammar schools. One day Amos rounded up his three children and relocated in Reno, Nevada, where he married a women who had eight children. They later divorced. When Tom was 10, Amos married an Asian woman, Frances Wong. In school Hanks caught the eye of some people. While attending Skyline High School near Oakland, California, I was a geek, a spaz, I was horribly, painfully, terribly shy. At the same time, I was the guy whod yell out funny captions during filmstrips. But I didnt get into any trouble, I was always a real good and responsible kid, he told Rolling Stone magazine. Hanks began acting his junior year of senior hig...

Free Essays on Reach Out And Touch Someone...Or Not

The issue of sexual harassment is not a new one. It has existed since the beginning of time; however, it has not gained notice until recently. In fact, women did not â€Å"start winning sexual harassment lawsuits until the mid 1970s† and the â€Å"first sexual harassment lawsuit to reach the Supreme Court was not decided until 1986† (Brown 43). The exact reasons for this phenomenon is not known but a better understanding of what sexual harassment encompasses can be gained by looking at the people it affects, defining what it is, when it occurs, where it happens, and why it does take place. To begin with, sexual harassment is â€Å"pervasive† occurring â€Å"in all social and economic classes† and that no person is immune (Stark 50). For example, Anita Hill, a Yale educated African American law professor, announced that she faced sexual harassment at the hands of Supreme Court judge nominee Clarence Thomas. In contrast to Hill’s higher socioeconomic status, Sheila Bensen, a 45 year old self employed Caucasian woman, was also a victim of sexual harassment (Benson 31). Nor does sexual harassment occur only among women contrary to popular belief (Schultz par.12). For example, in the Goluszek v. Smith case, a male â€Å"electronic maintenance mechanic† was belittled and cast out by his fellow workers. They â€Å"mocked him for not having a wife† and â€Å"used gender based images to assault his competence† (Schultz par. 13). Thus, it quite safe to say people of â€Å"all ages, classes, shapes, colors, and sizes† are possible targets of sexual harassment (Morris 32). What exactly is the definition of sexual harassment? The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines it according to the guidelines of â€Å"three basic forms: (1.) quid pro quid, (2.) retaliation, and (3.) hostile environment. ...Quid pro quid is Latin for ‘what for what’ â€Å" (Stark 55). It is typically â€Å"a situation where a supervisor penalizes a subor... Free Essays on Reach Out And Touch Someone...Or Not Free Essays on Reach Out And Touch Someone...Or Not The issue of sexual harassment is not a new one. It has existed since the beginning of time; however, it has not gained notice until recently. In fact, women did not â€Å"start winning sexual harassment lawsuits until the mid 1970s† and the â€Å"first sexual harassment lawsuit to reach the Supreme Court was not decided until 1986† (Brown 43). The exact reasons for this phenomenon is not known but a better understanding of what sexual harassment encompasses can be gained by looking at the people it affects, defining what it is, when it occurs, where it happens, and why it does take place. To begin with, sexual harassment is â€Å"pervasive† occurring â€Å"in all social and economic classes† and that no person is immune (Stark 50). For example, Anita Hill, a Yale educated African American law professor, announced that she faced sexual harassment at the hands of Supreme Court judge nominee Clarence Thomas. In contrast to Hill’s higher socioeconomic status, Sheila Bensen, a 45 year old self employed Caucasian woman, was also a victim of sexual harassment (Benson 31). Nor does sexual harassment occur only among women contrary to popular belief (Schultz par.12). For example, in the Goluszek v. Smith case, a male â€Å"electronic maintenance mechanic† was belittled and cast out by his fellow workers. They â€Å"mocked him for not having a wife† and â€Å"used gender based images to assault his competence† (Schultz par. 13). Thus, it quite safe to say people of â€Å"all ages, classes, shapes, colors, and sizes† are possible targets of sexual harassment (Morris 32). What exactly is the definition of sexual harassment? The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines it according to the guidelines of â€Å"three basic forms: (1.) quid pro quid, (2.) retaliation, and (3.) hostile environment. ...Quid pro quid is Latin for ‘what for what’ â€Å" (Stark 55). It is typically â€Å"a situation where a supervisor penalizes a subor...

Visual Description & Personal Analysis Essays Essay

Visual Description & Personal Analysis Essays - Essay Example the body of the image, the overall work of the artist is quite fine as the amount of color power used was moderate for the viewer to understand what contents it ties to the real world. Due to its sound power of color for the image interpreted, from an atmospheric point of view, the image could have been taken from a close range or point of view. The aspect of chiaroscuro is, therefore, not presented at all as the image is very clear to both the reader and the viewer. In this image, the experience is very dim and thereby portraying that the atmospheric perspective point where the photograph was captured could have been at aver far distance or from an aerial point of view. There can articulation from this image that that the art of calligraphy was of low image as it its hue is much dim. The capturing of the photo is in an area that had very bright light hence interfering with the color strength of the experience of the product. From the look of the image, there is a depiction of the temperature of the image to be of that cool scenario due to the dimness of the image. The artist, therefore, could have used any of the complimentary colors that is either red and yellow or yellow and blue or yellow and violate to give the image the strongest contrast it could have. There is use of pointillism when viewed from a very close range since there are some small dots that could be seen at the background of the image. The small dots that the artist used during his painting work could also create an impression on the image as of rough texture surface. Rough texture may mean that the artist may not have been qualified nor intended to create a notable style or theme in the image to the respective viewer as every artist may have his or her own theme that he or she is trying to present to the viewer while designing his or her image. The proportionality of the image is also clearly brought as it tries to depict the entire environment as that of cool surrounding with the use of dim

Foundations of Academic Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foundations of Academic Writing - Assignment Example This paper examines the moral obligation human beings have towards other non-human animals within the ecosystem in order for them to enjoy their rights as living creatures. Animals are part of the ecosystem within which human beings live and thus, it is the obligation of people to conserve their surroundings. Preserving their surroundings in this context implies that they should strive to ensure the animals and other living things within that proximity are protected from any form of damaged or destruction to ensure perpetual lives hence save them from extinction (Linzey and Clarke, 2005). Biologically, human beings are regarded as the highest creature in terms of reasoning and making rational judgement thus they ought to preserve the other creatures that are under them. However, those creatures should not be subjected to uncouth activities for the benefit of man but should be guided in the best ways to live and interact with other creatures. The issue, of non-human beings being accorded rights, is both limiting to people and at the same time tends to defy the logic of common sense. For instance, with animal rights in place those who subscribe and pledge to uphold them should not use animals for food, transport, recreation as well as not harm them in any manner (Regan, 2003). It is right for a man to handle other animals with dignity and all the activities that they subject them into must be within a moral context. This will aid to solve numerous cases in which animals have fallen victims of torture in the name of satisfying the needs of man. For instance, it cannot be justified when a person loads tonnes of luggage on camels for transport purposes just because he/she can afford to own that animal (Regan, 2003). It is prudent to understand the fact that just like a human being animals also have feelings of pain, anger and even can die. Thus, they should be accorded with the utmost respect even in the event

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly Essay

Identify a contract issued by the City of Chicago in 2013, briefly - Essay Example The company delves into the programmatic and operational difficulties that government agencies experience and assist in finding for solutions to such difficulties. Bronner Group was issued this contract on May 20th, 2013. The contract was to offer target business financial consulting services on compliance audits in the department of procurement services (City of Chicago 1-4). The Chicago City issued Bronner Group two contracts in 2013. These contracts were contract numbers 28193 and 27778. Bronner Group Company was awarded 140, 000 US dollars for Contract 28193 (City of Chicago 1). However, contract 27778 was a contract that depended upon requirements. A contract that depends upon conditions is a contract with unspecified quantities of services or goods in which the City of Chicago places orders when need arises. City of Chicago. City of Chicago Economic Disclosure Statement and Affidavit Related to Contract/Amendment/Solicitation. Chicago: City of Chicago,  2014. Web. 29  Mar.  2014.

Geographical Market Area of Life Telecom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Geographical Market Area of Life Telecom - Essay Example We are an avant-garde alternative telecommunications provider with fully converged IP architecture and selective use of wireless technologies as well as an optimized and technologically superior delivery of integrated services of Voice, Internet, Video, Surveillance and many single broadband connections. Telephony, Broadband Internet Connectivity, Advanced IPTV and Video Services, Advanced Communication (video conferencing and live even video streaming) Tele-Surveillance (large, small and medium-sized business, small offices and homes) Broadband Wireless (hotspot Wi-Fi) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Life Telecom’s competitive advantage is built on the execution of its commitment: dependable delivery of advanced wireless services and breakthrough technological solutions backed by dedicated 24/7 network management support. We are a distinguished company in Bahrain and one of the few worldwide; to optimize the extensive use of IPs for the integrated deployment and management of voice, data, video, and value-added services over wireless networks. With us, no limits can hold you back from realizing your goals and â€Å"make your dreams come true†. The core product of Life Telecom for its initial rollout consists of a list of services including connectivity through the ISP providers. This is referred to as the Infrastructure Business Service. Life Telecom’s products and services are divided into three (3) main categories namely Wireless services, IP services (VPN, VoIP) and ISP related services. In the following phases, once the network is constructed, Life Telecom will introduce business services as a value-added service which can add value to Life Telecom subscribers including Web Applications and Web Consultations, etc.

Cost of Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Cost of Capital - Essay Example ls as far calculating the actual cost of capital of Pfizer, but it does point out that Pfizer has more equity than debt because the firms prefers to keep its interest payments low in order to maintain good liquidity and cash flows. Pfizer operates in industry that has very high risk. Every year hundreds of new medicines project fail for a variety of reasons. Sometimes these medicines do not work as the company expected or even when they work the new drug often is not able to comply with the strict protocols to achieve FDA approval. Whenever a medicine is not able to reach market the total costs that the pharmaceutical company incurred in becomes a sunk cost. A sunk cost can be defined as a cost that cannot be changed by any present or future decision (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, 2002). Sunk cost are a major financial challenge for companies such as Pfizer. Minimizing projects that do not provide a positive stream of cash flows is imperative for the success of a company in the pharmaceut ical industry. Pfizer faces other financial challenges that are unique to its industry. For instance the company has to invest billions of dollars each year in research and development costs. The average out of pocket cost to develop a new drug is $1.4 billion (Mullin, 2014). Another financial challenge Pfizer faces is that it also takes a long time for a new drug to reach market. While a new drug is being developed the company does not obtain any inflows of cash from that project. Despite the challenges associated with developing a new drug when a company succeeds in creating a new product the law protects firms such as Pfizer. Patent protection allows Pfizer the ability to create a monopoly market on the new drug. Patent protection in the pharmaceutical industry can last eight to ten years. During that time Pfizer would face no competition for its new drug. Another challenge that Pfizer faces is a shortage of talent in many technical fields. In order to recruit new talent the firm

Operations management of the Virgin Atlantic airways Essay

Operations management of the Virgin Atlantic airways - Essay Example The intention of this study is an operations management as a concept that emphasises on the management of the process concerned with production and distribution channels of organisations. Operations management often deal with the internal environment of the organisation. The process of the operations management is totally dependent upon the nature of the manufactured goods along with the organisational processes such as retail, manufacturing and wholesale. Operations management, if implied with efficiency, can reward the organisation with enhanced competency and profitability on the whole. Operations management is implemented in every industry to maintain proper co-ordination in the organisational system. Hence, it can be said that implication of operations management can be highly beneficial. Operations management has a wide concept and therefore is quite complex to be implemented. This requires an effective and comprehensive planning. Virgin Atlantic is an airway services provider. Richard Branson had established this company in the year 1984 with a single aircraft. Presently, Virgin Atlantic is one of the leading airlines service providers. Virgin Atlantic also serves with global satellite stores, telecom services and air buses. The mission statement of virgin Atlantic is â€Å"To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work†. Their services are far better as compared to the other airline services. They offered highly trained staff. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the operations management of the Virgin airline services. ... Literature Review It is important to understand the concept of operations management. It is generally the business purpose which sets, coordinates, organises and manages the required resources that is needed by a company to produce services or goods. Operations management engages the management of all the factors such as personnel, technology, equipment, information along with the other existing resources. Thus, it is said to be the central function for every individual company (Scribd, n.d.). The practice of operations management is different depending on the category of the organisation. Organisations can be classified into two extensive categories and they are the service organisations and the manufacturing organisations. The nature and application of the operations management would differ according to the nature of the organisations. It needs to be noted that these two categories of organisations have two basic differences. The first one is that the manufacturing organisations ar e involved in producing goods that are physical and also tangible in nature and has storing facility whereas service organisations are involved in the creation of products that are intangible in nature and does not have the facility of storage which means that production cannot be initiated before time. The second point of distinction is that in case of manufacturing organisations there is hardly any direct contact between the operations and the customers. The only way of developing contact with customer is through retailers and also through distributors. However, in service oriented organisations, it is the customer around whom the service is centred and thus direct interaction between the customer and the operation is immensely important (Scribd, n.d.). According to Johnston

Geographical Market Area of Life Telecom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Geographical Market Area of Life Telecom - Essay Example We are an avant-garde alternative telecommunications provider with fully converged IP architecture and selective use of wireless technologies as well as an optimized and technologically superior delivery of integrated services of Voice, Internet, Video, Surveillance and many single broadband connections. Telephony, Broadband Internet Connectivity, Advanced IPTV and Video Services, Advanced Communication (video conferencing and live even video streaming) Tele-Surveillance (large, small and medium-sized business, small offices and homes) Broadband Wireless (hotspot Wi-Fi) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Life Telecom’s competitive advantage is built on the execution of its commitment: dependable delivery of advanced wireless services and breakthrough technological solutions backed by dedicated 24/7 network management support. We are a distinguished company in Bahrain and one of the few worldwide; to optimize the extensive use of IPs for the integrated deployment and management of voice, data, video, and value-added services over wireless networks. With us, no limits can hold you back from realizing your goals and â€Å"make your dreams come true†. The core product of Life Telecom for its initial rollout consists of a list of services including connectivity through the ISP providers. This is referred to as the Infrastructure Business Service. Life Telecom’s products and services are divided into three (3) main categories namely Wireless services, IP services (VPN, VoIP) and ISP related services. In the following phases, once the network is constructed, Life Telecom will introduce business services as a value-added service which can add value to Life Telecom subscribers including Web Applications and Web Consultations, etc.

Operations management of the Virgin Atlantic airways Essay

Operations management of the Virgin Atlantic airways - Essay Example The intention of this study is an operations management as a concept that emphasises on the management of the process concerned with production and distribution channels of organisations. Operations management often deal with the internal environment of the organisation. The process of the operations management is totally dependent upon the nature of the manufactured goods along with the organisational processes such as retail, manufacturing and wholesale. Operations management, if implied with efficiency, can reward the organisation with enhanced competency and profitability on the whole. Operations management is implemented in every industry to maintain proper co-ordination in the organisational system. Hence, it can be said that implication of operations management can be highly beneficial. Operations management has a wide concept and therefore is quite complex to be implemented. This requires an effective and comprehensive planning. Virgin Atlantic is an airway services provider. Richard Branson had established this company in the year 1984 with a single aircraft. Presently, Virgin Atlantic is one of the leading airlines service providers. Virgin Atlantic also serves with global satellite stores, telecom services and air buses. The mission statement of virgin Atlantic is â€Å"To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work†. Their services are far better as compared to the other airline services. They offered highly trained staff. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the operations management of the Virgin airline services. ... Literature Review It is important to understand the concept of operations management. It is generally the business purpose which sets, coordinates, organises and manages the required resources that is needed by a company to produce services or goods. Operations management engages the management of all the factors such as personnel, technology, equipment, information along with the other existing resources. Thus, it is said to be the central function for every individual company (Scribd, n.d.). The practice of operations management is different depending on the category of the organisation. Organisations can be classified into two extensive categories and they are the service organisations and the manufacturing organisations. The nature and application of the operations management would differ according to the nature of the organisations. It needs to be noted that these two categories of organisations have two basic differences. The first one is that the manufacturing organisations ar e involved in producing goods that are physical and also tangible in nature and has storing facility whereas service organisations are involved in the creation of products that are intangible in nature and does not have the facility of storage which means that production cannot be initiated before time. The second point of distinction is that in case of manufacturing organisations there is hardly any direct contact between the operations and the customers. The only way of developing contact with customer is through retailers and also through distributors. However, in service oriented organisations, it is the customer around whom the service is centred and thus direct interaction between the customer and the operation is immensely important (Scribd, n.d.). According to Johnston

Sentimental plot Essay Example for Free

Sentimental plot Essay During the 19th century many writers began to publish works with sentimental plots. Generally the sentimental plot is written to make the reader feel an excess of unnecessary emotions, by overemphasizing every work. In every sentimental plot there will always be the typical sentimental hereon that fits the stereotype of a young orphan, unmarried women with moral obstacles. In this plot there are only two types of women the ones that are considered good and the ones that are bad. In the sentimental plot the good will get rewarded by marrying a decent man and the bad will always die. Even though this plot was very popular among writers many women were not happy with how the women were being portrayed among men writers so they decided to go against this plot. With women writers some would tend to go against the sentimental romance plot and instead write about actual situations that were happening around them. One example of this would be in Kate Chopin’s story â€Å"The Storm† it featured a married women falling into the seductions of a old flame. Do you remember in Assumption, Calixta? He asked in a low voice broken by passion. Oh! She remembered; for in Assumption he had kissed her and kissed and kissed her; until his senses would well nigh fail, and to save her he would resort to a desperate flight. If she was not an immaculate dove in those days, she was still inviolate; a passionate creature whose very defenselessness had made her defense, against which his honor forbade him to prevail. † Pg. 59 Author Kate Chopin was unable to publish her works because of the featured adultery with no follow up punishment, in order for her to successfully publish she would have to follow the sentimental romance plot and kill Calixta in the end to prove that the decisions she made were wrong and had consequences. Mary E. Wilkins in â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† is another example that goes against the grain of the sentimental plot it deals with a mother that confronts her husband and goes against his say so which in the 19th century was something that was frowned upon. Now father, said she you needn’t be scared. I ain’t crazy. There ain’t nothing to be upset over. But we’ve come here to live, an’ we’re goin’ to live here. We’ve got jest as good as right here as new horses mind I wa’nt fit for us to live in any longer, an I made up my mind I wa’n’t going’ to stay there. I’ve done my duty by you for forty year, an’ I’m goin’ to do it now; but I’m going to live here. † Pg. 672 After this story was published many people thought that it was based on a true story but Mary E. Wilkins explained that no New  England women would ever dare confront her husband it was all just a fantasy. Another example of the reversed sentimental plot would be in Charlotte Perkins Gilman story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† It is based on a women who is said to be having nervous breakdowns and is being taken care of by her husband a physician she later comes to relies that she will no longer be trapped or hide her emotions. â€Å"I’ve got out at last. Said I, in spite of you and Jane! And I’ve pulled off most off the paper, so you can’t put me back! † pg 803. What all of these story’s have in common is that they tried to convey across the situations that the women were in and all of them one way or another expressed how the women felt trapped by the men. When it came to men writers they would always include a sentimental hereon in their stories. Henry James published â€Å"Daisy Miller† in 1978 and it dealt with a young unmarried woman somewhat considered an orphan because her parents were never around, who was seen in society as an outcast cause of the way she would conduct herself around men. Miss Daisy Miller was a flirt – a pretty American flirt. He had never, as yet, had any relations with young ladies of this category. He had known, her in Europe† pg. 427 since Daisy Miller was portrayed as an uneducated flirt Henry James followed the sentimental plot by giving Daisy a terrible case of the fever and later died. Later after the story was published Henry James stated that he believed that Daisy was innocent and that he did not kill her to state a point, it just so happened that she caught fever. So in some sort of way this story can sometimes be said that it was not your typical sentimental plot. Another male writer that followed the sentimental hereon was William Dean Howells â€Å"Editha† this was about a young unmarried woman who practically forces her boyfriend to enter the war in order to show off in front of others. â€Å"I shall always love you, and therefore I shall never marry any one else. But the man I marry must love his country first of all, and be able to say to me, I could not love thee, dear, so much, loved I not honor more. In these two story’s It seems to me as if the men writers are trying to put women down by making them seem selfish and not following the norm of obeying the men’s commands or ways of lifestyle that they want them to follow. In all of these stories we can see that there is a big difference in how men and women respond to the sentimental romance plot. The women write about there own personal experiences and the things that they see happen around them and the men write about what they want the people to read for example the good will get a great husband and get married and the bad will get punished and die.

SCOR At Wal Mart | Analysis

SCOR At Wal Mart | Analysis The Supply Chain Operations Reference Model, or SCOR, was introduced by the Supply Chain Council to provide all companies a framework or tool they can use to improve their companys supply chain internally and externally. It allows supply chain managers to analyze their current situations as well as guide them to supply chain decisions for improvements and future resolutions. A major strength of the SCOR model is that it can be used across industries and applied to a variety of different companies. There are five levels in the SCOR model. The first level, the process types, includes plan, source, make, deliver, and return. These process types describe the overall scope and content of the SCOR model. The following levels further penetrate each of the process types to analyze their operations strategies, quantify and measure their processes, as well as provide tools for companies to develop new processes that will give their supply chain a competitive advantage as well as the ability to efficiently adapt to market changes. PLAN The first phase of the supply chain according to the SCOR model is the process of planning. Planning is a crucial first step to set-up, manage, and organize the processes necessary for a flexible and efficient supply chain. The planning phase consists of several processes such as demand forecasting, product pricing, and inventory management. Wal-Mart utilizes a sophisticated algorithm to calculate their forecasts that allows the company to forecast the exact quantities of each item to be delivered while taking into account each stores current inventory. This is also possible because of Wal-Marts computerized inventory structure that uses the Point of Sales (POS) system. This not only tracks all the companys inventory and stock at retail stores and distribution centers, it also monitors when products are sold and is able to predict the future quantities needed. It is this production scheduling and the ability to monitor inventory so closely that allowed Wal-Mart to accurately predict where, when and how much of a product will be needed and in turn develop a distribution network that works hand in hand with these needs. This reduces their costs by reducing leftover inventory and optimizing the transportation of their products by delivering only exactly what is needed. Super retailer Wal-Mart has spent considerable resource s to ascertain how best to minimize transportation costs. Efforts such as owning their own fleet, standardizing processes, and capitalizing on information technology have resulted in transportation costs that are 3% of total costs versus the industry average of 5%. By analyzing how to cut costs in all aspects of their transportation, Wal-Mart was able to pass these savings onto consumers and support their always low prices strategy. SOURCE The second phase of the supply chain, sourcing, focuses on the procurement of materials and resources. Choosing suppliers that best meet the companys needs is the main part of this phase. Transportation not only serves as a link between the company and its suppliers, but transportation providers are essentially a supplier in and of themselves as well. In this case as wal-mart is retailer it doesnt has to go for sourcing that is procurement of raw-material is not required. The suppliers in this case will be the companies who are selling their product through wal-mart retailers that are: Grand ocean star (Supplier of sea food it takes 5 to 10 days after order) Procter Gamble Co (it takes lead time range of 8.5 to 14.0 days to deliver the food product) Nestle Gillette Hewlett-Packard Johnson Johnson Kimberly-Clark Kraft Foods Nestlà © Purina Pet Care Unilever MAKE The third phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is make, defined as the process that transforms a product to a finished state to meet planned or actual demand (Bolstorff Rosenbaum, 2003). There are three parts to this phase which include product design, production scheduling and facility management. Wal-Mart exemplifies how the construction of a product affects transportation costs. Wal-Mart recently asked its 60,000 suppliers worldwide that by 2008 they decrease the amount of overall packaging they use by 5%. Wal-Mart believes this packaging proposal will save the company $3.4 billion. When Wal-Mart previously did this in 2005 with the packaging of its private clothing label, Kids Collection, the company saved $3.5 million in one year. By reducing the amount of packaging, Wal-Mart is not only cutting costs, but they are reducing the weight and volume of their products. This increases the ability of their trucks to carry more per truckload, possibly even making less runs in a given day. Wal-Marts packaging decisions illustrate the direct impacts supply chain decisions and transportation can have on each other. Wal-Mart had just over 40 distribution centers located around the United States. Stocked in these centers were over 80,000 items. 50% to 65% of Wal-Marts competitors directly supplied the inventory to their retailers from their warehouses, in comparison to Wal-Marts 85%. Wal-Mart replenished their stores on average within two days compared to the five days their competitors took. The shipping costs were approximately 2% less of total cost than competitors (Chandran, 2003). The location of a facility can cut transportation costs dramatically as shown by the Wal-Mart example. DELIVER The fourth phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is the delivery of the product. This phase is most associated with the role of transportation in the supply chain process as it is the most visibly connected. The delivery part of the process can be broken down into two different segments, order management and delivery scheduling. Transportation plays a role in each in that processes that provide finished goods and services to meet planned or actual demand, typically include order management, transportation management and distribution management Wal-Mart has a private fleet of their own truck drivers and by somewhat integrating backward in their supply chain, they have needed to become efficient in documenting and tracking their products. To do this, Wal-Mart employees use hand held computers, a form of EDI systems, which contain information about the products storage, packaging and shipping and eliminates the need for actual paperwork saving them time. Because there is no third party, Wal-Mart must self manage the ordering of their products with great accuracy. What makes Wal-Marts distribution process so efficient is that they use a logistics technique known as cross-docking .It breaks down the distribution of the products into five simple stages. The unique aspect of Wal-Marts system is that their drivers deliver the trucks to their distribution centers at specific times and set intervals. Their entire distribution system is a consistent flow of goods adjusted to the individual needs of each retail store. Wal-Marts delivery system works so well because it is developed in accordance with the demands of each store and the communication between each point allows the process to be effective. Wal-Mart believe that the widespread implementation of RFID technology marks a sea change in the supply chain, much as the introduction of bar codes was as seen as revolutionary two decades ago. But while bar codes can tell a retailer that it has two boxes of product XYZ, Wal-Marts EPCs can help distinguish one box of product XYZ from the next. This allows retailers greater visibility in monitoring product inventory from supplier to distribution centre to store. RETURN Most store items can be exchanged or refunded with a receipt within 90 days of purchase. Walmarts No Receipt policy applies to items returned in a store only. You have the option of a cash refund (for purchases under $25), a Gift Card for the amount of the purchase (for purchases over $25), a credit to your credit card or an even exchange for the product. We can make up to three No Receipt returns within a 45 day period. All merchandise sold and shipped by Walmart.com may be returned to a store within 90 days of receiving it. If there is an error on our part related to your order, we will issue a credit for your order and any applicable shipping and gift-wrapping charges. An item must be returned in the original manufacturers packaging, so we recommend you keep your packaging for at least the first 90 days after purchase. Plants, Food, and certain Health and Beauty items: To return perishable items, the following information is to be required and send to customer care link of wal-mart i.e Order number for the item Date of arrival Condition of item at time of arrival Detailed explanation of the issue

U.S. Budget :: essays research papers

Caffeine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot of people often wonder what caffeine is. When isolated in pure form, caffeine is a white crystalline powder that tastes very bitter. The chief source of pure caffeine is the process of decaffeinating coffee or tea. Caffeine is used to provideâ€Å"boost energy† or a feeling of heightened alertness. It is often used to stay awake longer and late into the night. Many people feel as though they â€Å"cannot function† in the morning without a cup of coffee to provide caffeine and the boost it gives them. Caffeine is an addictive drug. It operates using the same mechanisms that amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin use to stimulate the brain. Caffeine effects are more mild than amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin, but it is manipulating the same channels, and that is one of the things that gives caffeine its addictive qualities. If you feel like you have to have caffeine everyday and cannot live without it, then you are considered addicted to caffeine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caffeine also increases dopamine levels in the same way that amphetamines do (heroine, and cocaine also manipulate dopamine levels by slowing down the rate of dopamine reuptake). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that, in certain parts of the brain, activates the pleasure center. Caffeine’s effects are obviously much lower than heroin’s, but it is the same mechanism. The long term problem with caffeine is the effect it has on sleep. The half life of caffeine in your body is about 6 hours. That means that if you have a big cup of coffee with 200 mg of caffeine in it at 3:00pm, by 9:00pm about 100 mg of that caffeine is still in your system. You will still be able to fall asleep but your body is going to miss out on the benefits of deep sleep. The next day you are probably going to feel worse, so to make yourself feel better, you will need caffeine as soon as you get up and out of bed. This cycle can start to continue day after day. This is why 90% of Ame ricans consume caffeine everyday. Once you get in the cycle, you have to keep taking the drug (home.howstuffworks.com). Caffeine raises adrenaline levels and heavy coffee consumption can lead to a state of adrenal gland exhaustion where the adrenal glands are no longer able to adequately respond to stress by releasing enough adrenaline. Adrenal insufficiency can then lead to a host of other problems, including a weakened immune system response, anxiety and panic attacks.

Canadas Identity Essay -- Multiculturalism, Religion, Culture

Canada’s identity comes in many shapes and forms. Multiculturalism has been adopted and is at the forefront of Canadian identity. Following the Second World War, Canada’s multiculturalism policies became more acceptable and even successful in, not only accepting, but inviting multiple ethnic cultures in. In contrast to other countries, multiculturalism adaptation works for the Canadian culture. Canadian policies on multiculturalism have shifted over the past few decades; policies are now implemented for integration, not discrimination. Multiculturalism is defines as â€Å"the policy of maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community† (). Canada does accept people from virtually every culture, but requires that cultural practices do not interfere with social order, or the cultures of other fellow residents. With that being said, compromises are often made and implemented. It is not possible to maintain a diversity of ethnic cultures if cultures contradict and impact each other. Canada has done its best in order to make multiculturalism work. The Second World War ended in the year of 1945(). Before this time, immigration into Canada was not ideal, especially for the Chinese, Indian, German and Japanese (1). In the year of 1885, Canada proposed its first policy regarding immigration into Canada (1). The â€Å"Chinese Head Tax† law was passed in order to filter the overwhelming number of Chinese immigrants into Canada (1). Chinese immigrants were required to pay a fee in order to come into the country. The amount, person, rose from fifty dollars in 1885, to an astounding five-hundred dollars in 1904. Ten years later, another unjust act was expressed, this time focusing on Indian immigrants. All 376 emigrants possessed valid ... ...ective in hopes of finding ideal immigrants. But what really is the ideal immigrant? Based on the â€Å"federal government’s strict qualification criteria, many of those who make the cut each year are well-educated workers from a narrow list of occupations† (p2). Associate dean of law at Queen’s University, Sharryn Aiken believes â€Å"the current rules skew the system in favour of relatively privileged newcomers† (p2). Canada is comprised of many ethnic backgrounds. Multiculturalism plays a major role in today’s mosaic society. Following the Second World War, Canada welcomed multiple ethnic cultures into the country. Even though multiculturalism may not work for other countries, Canada has been quite successful in implementing and maintaining a positive name for multiculturalism. Policies put in place help regulate and draw the line between acceptable and unacceptable.

Reproductive Health Bill Essay

RH Bill would be a beneficial law to the country. It will further implement the population control of our country, strengthen the health of the people, specifically, the women, and educate the citizens, especially the teenagers, regarding sexuality, responsible family planning, maternal care and such. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, commonly known as Reproductive Health Bill, provides access to responsible family planning methods such as contraceptives, birth control pills, IUDs and other related family planning devices. It also strengthens the over-all health of the countrymen, especially women, with the widespread distribution of the said devices. Furthermore, it provides education concerning sexuality, population limitation and responsible parenthood. With the third and final reading of this bill, it had been recently passed into law last December 17, 2012. Thirteen senators and one-hundred thirty three congressmen voted in accordance to the said bill. This law had always been a controversial issue in our county. Endless debates, divided into pros and antis, were disseminated among the region. Pros argued that nonstop births due to lack of education concerning sexual and reproductive health and family planning causes people to put their health and future at stake. In addition, they have deficient income which causes the family not to receive their basic needs which are education, food, shelter and full support for their futures. This overpopulation will in turn be a hindrance to the country’s progression. On the other side, continuous opposition of the antis, led by Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines, regarding immorality of the alleged law contradicts their religious beliefs. According to them, this law allows pre-marital sex before marriage with the prevention of pregnancy. This corrupts the morality of the soul of each individual, based on the Church’s teachings. However, the real issue does not reside in our personal interests and beliefs. The future of our country and the next generation is being risked if we will put first into account our religious principles. We need action. Our country has already suffered and engulfed enough from poverty. This poverty can only be resolved with the control in population, education and assurance of the health of the citizens. Reproductive Health Bill will definitely be the answer to our country’s dilemma for years. Reproductive Health Law will be a practical solution for the country’s drawbacks to economic progress. How? First, population limitation will be instigated throughout the country. Currently, Philippines is ranked 12th as the most populated country in the world. Actually, our country is fortunate because it is surrounded with abundant water and land resources, just sufficient for our needs. However, with exponentially increasing population every year, the supply of these resources will keep on diminishing. If this continues, we will experience the never-endi ng cycle of poverty. As I research, I found out that Thailand, one of our neighboring countries, had a population of 65.5 million while our country had 92.3 million. We had an estimated GDP per capita of $4,214, while Thailand’s GDP per capita is twofold of ours, $9,396. It may be concluded that population is also one of the factors that will affect the economic development of our country. The more the population is, the lesser the chances to prosper. Given that the highest population growth rate is among the poor because of lack of education about family spacing and insufficient income, it will be expected that the other children will not be provided with right education and other appropriate needs. With these, they will not contribute well in the labor force of our country. And if ever they were able to work, their mere involvement is not enough to acquire their needs. This law aims to achieve their desired fertility goals depending on their needs, principles and beliefs. With the right family s ize, parents can feed and support their children. Also, with the use of the legally and medically safe contraceptives, birth control will be a tool to terminate overpopulation, which will eventually help our country to advance economically. In addition, by means of this law, proper maintenance of the over-all health of the citizens will also be upheld by the government. Government will support and promote reproductive health services, maternal care, particularly, for the women, and of course, responsible parenthood for the parents. Problems regarding reproductive health services were cited by Sen. Pia Cayetano, chair of the Senate committees on health and demography and youth, women and children. Many poor mothers were having difficulty to avail contraceptives because local government units have passed laws forbidding the use of contraceptives. As stated by her, these were one of the reasons why these mothers are forced to send the child to relatives, giving up their children to a rich neighbor and leaving their child in a basket in front of the door of the church. This bill would be a great help especially to the poor because it provides access to â€Å"medically-safe, legal, affordable and quality† natural and modern family planning methods (sec. 2). In addition, studies show that contraceptives lower the rates of abortion, infertility, complications during childbirth, unwanted pregnancy and prevention of sexually-transmitted diseases. Due to these, people will be productive and be a great contribution to the country’s economic progress. Lastly, education concerning sexuality, responsible family planning and other reproductive health issues will be included in the process. Before, the Philippine Catholic Bishops disagree to have sex education in schools. They said that it is the responsibility of the parents to educate their children about it. However, do parents really understand the concept of sex? Will it be effective to teach their children about it if sex is a taboo because of our conservative culture? If the parents were not knowledgeable enough about sex, it will lead to confusion and curiosity of the children. Naturally, parents will teach their children not to have sex before marriage, but due to our modern societ y, the children will be tempted to do it. So, why not educate them beforehand in an effective way? This law, as stated in Sec. 12, will provide Reproductive Health Education in an age-appropriate manner taught by adequately trained teachers starting from Grade 5 up to Fourth Year High school. It will benefit the youth to have this education because the period of adolescence usually starts at the age of a 5th grader. Empirical studies conducted by the United Nations and other countries show that there are numerous benefits to the youth when Reproductive Health education would be part in their school curriculum. Proper sexual values would instill in the minds of the young which will lead to discipline and abstinence in having sexual intercourse. Several sexual partners will be avoided and eventually will prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Likewise, they will also be knowledgeable enough how to prevent early pregnancy. With the right learning and values, they will in turn be an asset for the welfare of the cou ntry. â€Å"Doesn’t every woman deserve the right to have a safe pregnancy and a baby that’s born healthy? I believe this is a very basic human right,† Katya Matanovic said. Indeed, Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 will be an advantage to our country. It encourages population control, supports proper reproductive health care of the residents and provides education to the citizens, especially the youth, who will soon be the strength of our country someday. With the passing of this law, people should maximize the benefits given by this law. The problems involving serious population growth, deaths due to childbirth and pregnancy complications and deficit education regarding the true concept of sex will soon be solved by this law.

China and Japan’s Responses to Western Influence Essay

During the 19th and 20th centuries, much of the western world had at the very least, begun to modernize. Countries on this side of the globe were becoming booming metropolises. Trade with many other nations brought lots of new things to these western countries and also resulted in the Europeans observing a good deal of places that were not yet modernized. These observations later lead to the western nations wanting to make changes. They began trying to do this by setting up spheres of influence, sending missionaries, proposing treaties and other agreements, and in some cases, completely taking over. Some countries fought back, and resisted modernization, and others submitted to the inevitable changes that were coming their way. China and Japan are great examples of this, both countries were strongly opposed to Western influence but in the end, the two countries reacted to the changes very differently. Prior to western contact, China and Japan held the belief that they were superior civilizations. Both countries felt that any contact with westerners would corrupt their perfect societies. Also, because they felt they already were perfect, they didn’t think modernization was necessary. The people of both countries were comfortable with their traditional, more old fashioned ways of life and saw no reason to change. The westerners however, would not take no for an answer, they were determined to make China open ports to them so they could trade and work to modernize the country. The westerners were very interested in obtaining silk and tea from China but the problem was, the westerners didn’t have anything the Chinese wanted in exchange besides gold and silver. This resulted in an unfavorable balance of trade. To fix this, the westerners really needed something the Chinese wanted so they began growing opium in India and illegally smuggling it into China. The habit of opium smoking caught on quickly and as a result, the western people were making a great deal of money. Overtime, more than 12 million people developed addictions to the drug. Seeing how this substance was harming China’s people, the government made opium illegal and wanted it out of their country for good. The  westerners opposed this decision and not long after, took China to war and conquered them. Following the war, the Treaty of Nanjiing was signed and the Chinese were forced to open up more ports and allow westerners into their country. This eventually lead to the modernization of China. Next on the western nations’ list was Japan. It all started with commodore Matthew Perry, he sailed to Japan and requested that the Japanese aid people of the US and Europe if they came to the shores of the country. Only a year after Perry first made his request to the Japanese, the Great White Fleet made a voyage back to Japan to reiterate the request. The Japanese, unlike the Chinese did not fight back, but agreed and the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which opened ports for trade and ensured fair treatment and extraterritoriality for sailors. Now that Japan had opened up its shores to the westerners, the next thing they wanted to do was get Japan to modernize. Again, unlike China, Japan did not put up a fight, but decided to accept the inevitable changes that were soon to come. So, the Japanese began studying and adopting the western way of life and ended up modernizing in a period of three short years. In conclusion, although in the beginning, both China and Japan were firm believers in isolationism and did not want anything to do with western countries, once faced with the issue of western contact and modernization, the two countries responded very differently. China fought back and had to overcome many hardships and fight in terrible wars that cost many people their lives which left a lasting and devastating impact on the country. Japan on the other hand, accepted the change and avoided a great deal of violence and struggle. Although China and Japan had very different responses, it is clear that western contact and modernization changed both countries forever.

The Main Principles of Effective Practice In the Teaching And Essay

The Main Principles of Effective Practice In the Teaching And Assessment of Reading - Essay Example This essay stresses that fluency is an important aspect of teaching how to read, albeit it's rather difficult task to accomplish this. However, fluency in reading is the key that enables the reader to understand completely, quickly, and expressively what he has read along with good comprehension. Effective instruction in fluency leads to overall improvements in reading, which is reached through accuracy in word recognition, assisted reading, and synergistic instructional routines. Parents must be aware of incorporating teaching into their children’s daily lives, which would then be enhanced in the classroom. This paper makes a conclusion that reading is an activity that every child must improve skills on, and educators must focus on different strategies in order for the child to enhance his reading skills. This paper claims that the main principles of effective practice in the teaching and assessment of reading are involves attention to minor aspects of reading such as letters and individual words, understanding the whole meanings of the text, and application of relevant models/theories in the reading process. Guided reading is an effective reading strategy that enables teachers and parents to achieve this goal for the child, which is likewise supported by different models and theories. The Balanced Reading Approach is the specific approach that may be employed in guided reading through effective combination of instructional approaches and accommodating different learning styles.

TESCO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TESCO - Essay Example It makes available online services via its subsidiary called Tesco.com. The United Kingdom constitutes the company’s major market where it is run under four banners of Superstore, Extra, Express, and Metro. The corporation sells approximately 40,000 foodstuffs. The business’ own-label merchandise (50 percent of sales) exist at three levels including, normal, value, and finest. On top of convenience produce, countless stores have gas refilling stations, making Tesco to be one of United Kingdom’s independent and largest petrol retailers. Other vending services obtainable include Tesco Individual Finance (Palmer 2005, pp. 24). Vision statement A strategic vision statement describes the course a business intends to follow during the development and strengthening its operations. It sets out the company’s strategic route in getting ready for the future. Tesco’s vision is to be the largely valued corporation by customers, the surrounding community, the emp loyees as well as other stakeholders that the company works together with while doing business. It envisions itself as an expanding company that succeeds locally while employing its skills globally (Hammett & McMeikan 1994, pp. 4). Mission statement A mission statement ascertains the general intention of a business. It assists employees to work towards realizing a common purpose. Tesco’s mission statement is to generate value for its customers for it to earn their unending loyalty. To ensure that Tesco achieves this mission statement, the company needs to be acquainted with who their devoted customers are. It is this reason that has prompted Tesco to launch a Clubcard service, via which the company can award customers by issuing them with special tickets and additional points (Hammett & McMeikan 1994, pp. 5). Corporate objectives Objectives refer to business’ performance targets – that is, the results management wishes to achieve. They act as yardsticks for asse ssing how well the company is doing. Tesco’s objectives include the following: bidding customers the most excellent value for their money at the most reasonable prices; meeting customer needs by continually seeking, and implementing their views regarding product quality, innovation, store facilities choice, and service; providing stockholders with better returns on their funds; improving productivity through implementing investments in distribution depots and efficient stores, in productivity enhancements and in new technologies; developing peoples’ talents through effective management and education practices, while remunerating them fairly with equivalent opportunities for everybody; working hand in hand with suppliers with the aim of building long-term business associations based strictly on quality as well as price criteria; taking part in the crafting of national food manufacturing policies on vital issues such as hygiene, health, safety, nutrition, and animal well being; and supporting the best interests of the society and the safeguarding of the environment (Hammett & McMeikan 1994, pp. 5). Goals The organization is focused on achievement of certain degrees of its activities in a bid to maintain their full realizable potential. There first goal is growth in the local scene in a bid to realize the firm’s limits. The second goal is to come into to terms with the international market and the

The key international trading factors between the European Union and Research Paper

The key international trading factors between the European Union and the Middle-Eastern countries. Specifically the countries in - Research Paper Example The European countries consists of religions like Roman Catholicism,  Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism,  Sunni Islam, Shia Islam,  Judaism and Buddhism. All these religions entities are different in their traditions, beliefs and ideologies. Catholic Christians are concentrated mainly in countries like, Italy, Vatican, France, Hungary, Poland etc. Turkey, Syria, Algeria like countries have Islam as the major religion Orthodox Christians are heavily populated in countries like, Russia, Ukraine, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece whereas Protestant Christians are staying in mainly in countries like Denmark, Germany, Finland, Sweden etc. Even amidst these extremely diverse cultural diversities, most of the European countries were able to assemble under the flag of EU for improving their bargaining power in the global trade activities. Common currency Euro is introduced in order to improve the integration process further. Middle East, especially the gulf countries are traditionally goof trading partners of Europe. In fact most of the gulf countries are engaged in more trade activities with the Europe than with any other region in the world. Majority of the gulf countries are Muslim countries and even then they have less political problems with the European world. On the other hand, America’s foreign policies and activities were watched suspiciously by the Gulf countries because of America’s unholy tie up with Israel. Thus most of the Middle Eastern countries took the EU as their best friend in trade activities. However, the trade activities between the gulf countries and the EU have witnessed lot of ups and downs in the recent times because of various reasons. This paper analyses the success and failures of EU’s trade tie ups with Middle East over the years. Relations between the European Union and the GCC date back to the mid-1980s. In 1989, the two organizations signed a cooperation agreement, which included a wide range of sectors: agricultu re, fisheries, industry, energy, sciences, technology, investment, environment, and trade. Over the years, dialogue between the EU and GCC has been characterized by ups and downs and has mainly focused on trade cooperation. During the 1990s, trade flows between the two blocks were actually very low, and only since 2001 they have began to intensify, thanks to the increase in oil prices rather than to the intensification of trade volumes. Negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have been part of EU-GCC cooperation, but after 20 years, this goal is still elusive (Talbot, p.13) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates are the major GCC countries which have strong trade tie ups with the Europe. These six countries formed a regional organization; The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in May 1981. â€Å"The major objectives of this cooperation are to enhance coordination, integration and inter-connection among its Member States in di fferent spheres†(The EU & the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)). â€Å"All these six GCC countries currently benefit from preferential access to the EU market under the EU's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)†(Gulf region 2010). Even before the formulation of European Union,

The Quality Caring Model of Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Quality Caring Model of Nursing - Term Paper Example It is not difficult to imagine that an uncaring hospital staff and bureaucracy lead to an enhanced potential for medical errors and other dysfunctions. When the perception exists that the staff is simply doing the job, that they have become hardened to the suffering around them, and that each patient that enters their doors is simply a number and a disease, the consequences to patients’ morale could be as damaging as delivering the wrong dosage of morphine. Here, the prospect exists of elevated stress levels, pain or discomfort that may go ignored, and general disappointment and/or dissatisfaction. It is a noteworthy issue in the sense that not only could patients’ medical outcomes be negatively impacted, but also, even from the most pragmatic and cynical perspective, extremely dissatisfied patients – even when they do recover – may lead to a bad reputation of the hospital, which could impact potential donations. Even if serious complications do not occur, inconsistent or inattentive medical staff and procedures can also delay healing and recovery, and this can create a financial burden for the patient and increase the risk of nosocomial infections through extended hospital stays, if surgery and healing are not expedited with efficiency. Thus, the issue of caring in nursing is not only a matter of bolstering spirits but also a matter of added medical burdens that can be avoided by the staff which is deeply passionate both about the job and the patients’ health.... On the one hand, some level of detachment is a necessity in the medical field. Excessive emotional investment in any particular patient could compromise judgment or debilitate the healthcare provider if that patient should in fact perish or take a turn for the worst despite the implementation of all appropriate procedural measures. There is always another patient, so doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals would be doing a disservice to other patients if the previous one consumed too much of their attention and emotion. Yet detachment is also an enemy promoting the carelessness described above, making the patient feel uncared for and unappreciated, and enhancing the statistical likelihood of a medical error. Thus, there must be a corporate culture that institutes an appropriate level of attention and compassion in the implementation and management of medicine. It is a standard to teach nurses and doctors to 'care', but with the constant demands of a large hospital, with an e ndless patient-after-patient time consuming process and a great deal to be accomplished independently, the reality rarely lives up to the rhetoric. Time constraints in a large setting also limit the prospect of getting to know a particular patient on an individual basis. Bereft of the potential for attachment, one is easily dehumanized. Thus, a balance must be sought between an emotional entanglement, especially in terminal patients that can emotionally damage doctors or nurses, and a laissez-faire factory farm attitude where no outcome has any emotional impact, leading to frequent mistakes and a clear perception of indifference on part of the patients, enhancing the negative

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to Essay

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments - Essay Example Raich (2005), South Dakota V. Texas (1987) and Lawrence V. Texas (2003). Moreover, the discussion will also highlight how these cases relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments. The case of Gonzalez v. Raich (2005) is mainly related to the legal medical use of marijuana. In relation to this case, it can be ascertained that during the year 1996, California law passed the ‘Compassionate Use Act’, authorizing the use of marijuana for medical treatment. On the other hand, Controlled Substances Act (CSA) banned the use of the same. This difference in the viewpoints persisting between California law and CSA eventually led towards a conflicting situation. The major issue, which emerged in relation to the case, is mainly determining whether Congress is having the power to regulate marijuana production agreeable to the interstate commerce clause. Specially mentioning, this case addresses the federalism concept in the form of witnessing the involvement of both federal government and individual states concerning the regulation of producing and consuming marijuana (Oyez, Inc., â€Å"GONZALES v. RAICH†). South Dakota v. Dole (1987) is related to the case wherein South Dakota sued district court against Dole and the US government in relation to the violation of Section 158. This particular Section sets the constitutional limits on Congress regarding the power based on â€Å"21st amendment to the US constitution.† In accordance with the South Dakota law, individuals aged 19 and above are permitted to buy beer having 3.2% alcohol. The case illustrates the dispute regarding the state and the power of federal government in relation to the implementation of a minimum drinking usage. Again, the involvement of state as well as the federal government in this jurisdiction issue relates the aforesaid case with the concept of federalism (Thomson Reuters, â€Å"SOUTH DAKOTA v. DOLE, 483 U.S.

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment - Essay Example Tax cuts for businesses encourage the company to expand, invest, or stay in the state through enabling the probability of higher profits. In addition, it stimulates new companies to start up and convince other companies to relocate to state that offers these cuts. Tax cuts lead to job creation, via the promotion of greater activities in business. However, local and state taxes are not that huge of a burden on the business and the reduction in profits is small in comparison (Lynch 5). Rates of after-tax profits in industries are also not significantly varied by different states and jurisdictions. Finally, these taxes should not be seen as burdens but as a provider of financial support to public service that act to reduce business costs. Another argument for Business tax cuts has to do with the supply side, which contends that business tax cuts provide incentives for jobs, as well as leading to an increase in investment and savings, which stimulates economic activity (Lynch 7). Lower b usiness taxes could encourage businesses to retain more earnings and, thus, avail more funds for increased investment in business that is vital for growth of state and local economies. Tax cuts for businesses also allow incentives for business investments, via increasing the profitability inherent in the investment and providing funds for firms to invest by allowing firms to retain more of their earnings. However, a counter-argument contends that the positive effects that are inherent in tax cuts on savings and work effort have been greatly exaggerated by the proponents of this argument (Lynch 8). In fact, tax cuts could act as a disincentive for people to work. Additionally, although tax cuts for businesses may result in sizeable gains, in savings, for businesses and individuals, the gains will not lead to a decrease in interest rates or a productive investment increase in particular jurisdictions. The effect of the demand side argument is likely to reduce growth of the economy and a slowdown in employment creation. A third argument for the implementation of business tax cuts by local and state administrations is the demand side argument. This argument contends that business tax cuts stimulate the local and state economies by making an impact on consumer spending (Lynch 9). When business taxes come down, individuals and businesses are left with increased after tax incomes. Some of these after tax increases could be saved while the rest is spent on the purchase of more services and products. Increased spending will have a corresponding effect on business volumes of sales and allow firms to produce more products and services. As the companies produce more of these, they will have to hire extra workers. Therefore, employment numbers are increased by business tax cuts. Conversely, while local and state tax cuts can cause businesses to use more of their earnings on investment, they also lead to a reduction in government revenue that leads to reduced spending for l ocal and state governments (Lynch 9). Probably, this will result in the drop for in-state spending. Additionally, this very same theory can be utilized for justification in the increase of local and state taxes. The business climate argument holds that local and state governments can promote the development of the economy by improving on the business climate

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay 1. Understand the causes of infection. 1.1 Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria – a single cell micro-organism that gets its nutrition from its surroundings and can only be seen under a microscope. Viruses are disease producing agents far smaller than bacteria. They are enclosed in a protein coating which makes them more difficult to destroy. Fungi – are included in the plant kingdom but are quite different from green plants. The basic unit of a fungus is a hypha which is a hollow tube. The hyphal threads spread out over and into the food material making a visible mesh or mycelium. Some fungi mass together to create toadstools. They spread by releasing spores into the environment. Parasites – an organism that feeds and is dependant of its host. 1.2 Identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria – Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, tetanus, MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) Viruses – polio, Norovirus, common cold, flu, chicken pox Fungi – tinea pinus, athletes foot, oral thush Paracites- worms, ticks, lice, mites 1.3 Describe what is meant by ‘infection’ and ‘colonisation’. Infection – is a invasion of a host organisms bodily tissues by a disease causing organism. Colonisation – occurs when any one or more species populate a specific area. 1.4 Explain what is meant by ‘systemic infection’ and ‘localised infection’. Systemic infection – affects a number of organs or tissues or affects the whole body e.g. type 2 diabetes, aids and hyper tension. Localised infection – confined to one organ system or area in the body e.g. absess, boil, sprain. 1.5 Identify poor practices that may lead to the spread of infection. Not wearing personal protective equipment such as disposable gloves, disposable aprons, washing hands and disposing of clinical waste in the correct way. 2. Understand the transmission of infection. 2.1 Explain the conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms. * Psychrophiles grow below temperatures of 20Â °c * Thermophiles grow above temperatures of 45Â °c * Oxygen, pathogens vary in their oxygen requirements * Food * Most foods naturally contain suffucant moisture to provide bacteria with the water they need in order to grow 2.2 Explain the ways an infective agent might enter the body. * food/drink * natural orifices * inhalation * ingestion * inoculation 2.3 Identify common sources of infection. Droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, in air and dust, in water/food, carried by animals and insects. 2.4 Explain how infective agents can be transmitted to a person. * food/drink * air/dust * touching contaminated items * cross contamination * direct (person to person) * animals and insects 2.5 Identify the key factors that will make it more likely that infection will occur. * Open wounds/sores * Vulnerability/low immunity (children, babies, elderly) * People already suffering from health problems * Stress (suppression of immune system) * Poor practice and infection control